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Security¶
Introduction¶
While Celery is written with security in mind, it should be treated as an unsafe component.
Depending on your Security Policy, there are various steps you can take to make your Celery installation more secure.
Areas of Concern¶
Broker¶
It is imperative that the broker is guarded from unwanted access, especially if accessible to the public. By default, workers trust that the data they get from the broker has not been tampered with. See Message Signing for information on how to make the broker connection more trustworthy.
The first line of defence should be to put a firewall in front of the broker, allowing only white-listed machines to access it.
Keep in mind that both firewall misconfiguration, and temporarily disabling the firewall, is common in the real world. Solid security policy includes monitoring of firewall equipment to detect if they have been disabled, be it accidentally or on purpose.
In other words, one should not blindly trust the firewall either.
If your broker supports fine-grained access control, like RabbitMQ, this is something you should look at enabling. See for example http://www.rabbitmq.com/access-control.html.
Client¶
In Celery, “client” refers to anything that sends messages to the broker, e.g. web-servers that apply tasks.
Having the broker properly secured doesn’t matter if arbitrary messages can be sent through a client.
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Worker¶
The default permissions of tasks running inside a worker are the same ones as the privileges of the worker itself. This applies to resources such as memory, file-systems and devices.
An exception to this rule is when using the multiprocessing based task pool, which is currently the default. In this case, the task will have access to any memory copied as a result of the fork() call (does not apply under MS Windows), and access to memory contents written by parent tasks in the same worker child process.
Limiting access to memory contents can be done by launching every task in a subprocess (fork() + execve()).
Limiting file-system and device access can be accomplished by using chroot, jail, sandboxing, virtual machines or other mechanisms as enabled by the platform or additional software.
Note also that any task executed in the worker will have the same network access as the machine on which it’s running. If the worker is located on an internal network it’s recommended to add firewall rules for outbound traffic.
Serializers¶
The default pickle serializer is convenient because it supports arbitrary Python objects, whereas other serializers only work with a restricted set of types.
But for the same reasons the pickle serializer is inherently insecure [*], and should be avoided whenever clients are untrusted or unauthenticated.
| [*] | http://nadiana.com/python-pickle-insecure |
You can disable untrusted content by specifying a white-list of accepted content-types in the CELERY_ACCEPT_CONTENT setting:
3.0.18 新版功能.
注解
This setting was first supported in version 3.0.18. If you’re running an earlier version it will simply be ignored, so make sure you’re running a version that supports it.
CELERY_ACCEPT_CONTENT = ['json']
This accepts a list of serializer names and content-types, so you could also specify the content type for json:
CELERY_ACCEPT_CONTENT = ['application/json']
Celery also comes with a special auth serializer that validates communication between Celery clients and workers, making sure that messages originates from trusted sources. Using Public-key cryptography the auth serializer can verify the authenticity of senders, to enable this read Message Signing for more information.
Message Signing¶
Celery can use the pyOpenSSL library to sign message using Public-key cryptography, where messages sent by clients are signed using a private key and then later verified by the worker using a public certificate.
Optimally certificates should be signed by an official Certificate Authority, but they can also be self-signed.
To enable this you should configure the CELERY_TASK_SERIALIZER setting to use the auth serializer. Also required is configuring the paths used to locate private keys and certificates on the file-system: the CELERY_SECURITY_KEY, CELERY_SECURITY_CERTIFICATE and CELERY_SECURITY_CERT_STORE settings respectively. With these configured it is also necessary to call the celery.setup_security() function. Note that this will also disable all insecure serializers so that the worker won’t accept messages with untrusted content types.
This is an example configuration using the auth serializer, with the private key and certificate files located in /etc/ssl.
CELERY_SECURITY_KEY = '/etc/ssl/private/worker.key'
CELERY_SECURITY_CERTIFICATE = '/etc/ssl/certs/worker.pem'
CELERY_SECURITY_CERT_STORE = '/etc/ssl/certs/*.pem'
from celery import setup_security
setup_security()
注解
While relative paths are not disallowed, using absolute paths is recommended for these files.
Also note that the auth serializer won’t encrypt the contents of a message, so if needed this will have to be enabled separately.
Intrusion Detection¶
The most important part when defending your systems against intruders is being able to detect if the system has been compromised.
Logs¶
Logs are usually the first place to look for evidence of security breaches, but they are useless if they can be tampered with.
A good solution is to set up centralized logging with a dedicated logging server. Acess to it should be restricted. In addition to having all of the logs in a single place, if configured correctly, it can make it harder for intruders to tamper with your logs.
This should be fairly easy to setup using syslog (see also syslog-ng and rsyslog.). Celery uses the logging library, and already has support for using syslog.
A tip for the paranoid is to send logs using UDP and cut the transmit part of the logging server’s network cable :-)
Tripwire¶
Tripwire is a (now commercial) data integrity tool, with several open source implementations, used to keep cryptographic hashes of files in the file-system, so that administrators can be alerted when they change. This way when the damage is done and your system has been compromised you can tell exactly what files intruders have changed (password files, logs, backdoors, rootkits and so on). Often this is the only way you will be able to detect an intrusion.
Some open source implementations include:
Also, the ZFS file-system comes with built-in integrity checks that can be used.
